Culture and packaging Essay Example for Free

Culture and packaging Essay Packaging is considered to be an integral part of the product and is the first point of contact with the brand for a consumer product. So, most of the companies that do business internationally redesign their packages for each market. The principle reason is that expectations and utilizations of consumers vary across cultures. The world’s two leading industrial powers, U. S. and Japan have almost opposite approaches to packaging. Packaging is recognized as an expression of culture in Japan and designed to be appreciated, whereas in America cultural aspect is largely ignored and packaging is calculated to be accepted. Foods that only Japanese eat have beautiful, traditionally designed wrappings that resemble handmade paper or leaves and accommodate scan able bar codes. Such products look Japanese and are intended to do so. Products that are foreign, such as coffee, look foreign even to the point of having only Roman lettering on the can. We speak of global villages and international markets, but packages reveal some unexpected cultural boundaries. Few examples of such cultural implication of packaging are- Canadians prefer to drink milk out of flexible plastic pouches that fit into reusable plastic holders while Americans are believed to be so resistant to the idea that they have not been given the opportunity to do so, Japanese consumers prefer packages that contain two tennis balls and view the standard U. S. package of three as cheap and undesirable, Germans insist on highly detailed technical specifications on packages of videotapes, while Americans don’t, Swedes consider blue Colour of packaging as masculine whereas Dutch consider it to be feminine and so on. (Eric, J. A. et al. , 2004, p. 298) Culture Packaging Colour Schmitt and Simpson (1997) states, Colour is one of the many marketing tools that global managers use to create, maintain, and modify brand images in customers’ minds while Schmitt and Pan (1994) discovers, Colour is also an important component of many corporate and brand-building cues, such as logos, packages, and displays. It is a commonality reflecting in the views of both the authors that- Colour is one of the major element which affects consumer perception regarding a brand. The research results show cross-cultural patterns of both similarity and dissimilarity in Colour preferences and Colour meaning associations. Colour used in packaging is equally important in determining a product’s desirability. â€Å"James Mandle, a Colour consultant, changed the Colour of Ty-D-Bol’s toilet bowl cleanser bottle from light and green to stark white letters on a dark background. He believed that the original Colours were â€Å"too wimpy† and that the new, bolder Colours would connote strength and cleanliness. In an 18 month period following the change of Colour, sales of Ty-D-Bol jumped 40% (Lane 1991). † (Thomas, J. M. et al. , 2000, p. 91) Packaging is not about Colour only there are various other factors involved in it. Factors like design shape of the package, text on the package and other factors of the packaging. But it is true that Colour is the most important attribute in terms of attracting the attention of the consumer. Packaging is not only made up of a single Colour but combination of Colours to create a brand image. So preferences in regard to combination of Colours also vary across cultures. Few examples of such combinations are of pairing Colours with green and red. The Colour best paired with green is yellow in Canada, Hong Kong, China, and Taiwan, blue in Columbia, and white in Austria. Only the Chinese and Taiwanese pair green with red as red is a potent Colour in China. In Brazil and the US people pair red with black, whereas in Canada, and China, the preferred combination with red is yellow. ( Mooij and Marieke K. de, 2004) Culture Packaging Information Packaging not only protects and contains a product but also provide the consumer with loads of information about the product such as its composition, correct use etc. For instance, packaging of foodstuffs and pharmaceuticals provides information regarding the name of the product, manufacturer, country of origin, â€Å"best before† date and expiry date, ingredients and additives or composition of drug along with quantity and price. Since packaging is subject to country-specific legislation so ear of legal action has made many companies in the US and the UK includes all sorts of warnings on label instructions on consumer goods. On bar of Dial soap: â€Å"Directions: Use like regular soap. † On a Sears hairdryer: â€Å"Do not use while sleeping. † On packaging for a Rowenta iron: â€Å"Do not iron clothes on body. † On Nytol sleep aid: â€Å"Warning: May cause drowsiness. † On a child’s Superman costume: â€Å"Wearing of this garment does not enable you to fly. † On Sainsbury’s peanuts: â€Å"Warning: contains nuts. † On Marks Spencer bread pudding: â€Å"Product will be hot after heating. † On Boot’s child’s cough medicine:† Do not drive a car or operate machinery after taking this medication. † ( Mooij and Marieke K. de, 2004, p. 265) In the present scenario various countries have included packaging waste into hazardous matter to contribute in pollution. This led the government to adopt some policies to restrict the use of non recyclable products as a packaging material where it is not required. These have also posed challenge among business organizations to try and find out recyclable materials and present themselves as a responsible corporate citizen among the stakeholders. This is also one aspect of culture which leads to this kind of environmental concern approach. Culture Packaging Images/Pictures Imagery is an important element of packaging, as it enhances the accessibility of packaging information. As said by Bolen (1984), visual information in advertisements generally attracted more attention and was noticed before verbal advertising content. While Alesandrini (1982) declared, visual information may serve to attract consumer’s attention and set expectations for the contents of the verbal elements; the visual information thus serving as an â€Å"advance organizer† for the verbal elements of packaging. (Underwood et al. , 2001) Different culture recognizes various symbols differently with different meanings altogether. Picture that is very meaningful for people in one culture as it expresses important values of that culture can be completely meaningless to the people of the other culture. For instance, a box of pineapple cookies sold in Singapore has an image of a lion, as in Singapore lion is considered to be a symbol of royalty. Hence, if the similar box of cookies is launched in UK it won’t be given equivalent importance as in Singapore due to the differences lying in culture. Culture Packaging Communication Customer or prospect judges the products on the basis of its name as well. Language used on the product package including its brand or product name creates impression among consumers. Consumer interprets the information selectively on the basis of his culture and his own personal factors. Different aspects of marketing communications like corporate identity, brand name, package design, and advertising styles impacts consumer in certain ways. Marketing communications styles are interrelated with personal communication styles. Chinese-speaking consumers tend to judge a brand name based on its visual appeal whereas English speakers judge brand name based on whether the name sounds appealing. In Asia, visual symbolism is a key aspect of a firm’s corporate identity. A comparative study of package design across seven countries found that packages differ both in three-dimensional design and in the way they communicate through graphical design and vary in the use of textual information; use of Colour, shape, and symbolism; and degree of structure and detail in the package design. All the above differences are highly influenced by culture. Even the product category is influenced by the packaging design, for example Deodorant is communicated differently from cigarettes, and that is reflected in its design of the packaging. ( Mooij and Marieke K. de, 2004, p. 213) Why it is important to understand culture differences in cultures? It is always very important for a marketer to understand the culture of his target market place. Many good products have failed in the market only due to ignorance of socio- cultural aspects. There are underlying components that influence culture such as religion, family, customs, politics, weather, etc, which must be taken into account when marketing products on an international basis. Consequently, it is important for marketers to be aware of the 25% of cultural differences in the world market to promote their product properly. Therefore, it is of great importance to understand similarities and differences in culture which also affects the consumer purchasing behaviours across the cultures. (Weber, J. M. et al. , 2002, p. 396) Tastes and preferences of consumers vary in different part of world. In the European continent itself consumer preferences and taste varies so much that retailers Marks Spencer had to made different advertising campaigns for each country. Initially Marks Spencer has a single uniform advertising for the whole of Europe in 2001. Later it recognized its weakness and immediately changed the advertising campaign according to the taste and preference of different parts of European continent at the end of 2001. Toyota’s model ‘Camry† was a huge success in US which it tried to launch in UK market in 2000. It was a huge failure due to difference in the lifestyle and cultural set up of these two countries. Toyota re-launched it later with changes in the model according to the European culture and it was a huge success. Companies have to estimate the strength of their products along with the market they are trying to trap irrespective of their own brand name and value. One of the mistakes by the snacks giant Kellogg’s is Indian market was with its breakfast cereals. Within Indian culture people tend to eat heavy breakfast in the morning. In such market breakfast cereals as a healthier alternative to the heavy Indian breakfast was unattractive offer to the Indians. Later on company improved its communication strategies and compared it with traditional chapattis (Indian breads). Even in that case Kellogg’s could sell to a Westernized niche market only. So it is quite clear from the above examples that thorough understanding of the culture as well as its differences across cultures is very important to survive in today’s competitive environment. There are some other companies which have done very well in understanding various markets on socio-cultural dimensions like Disney, Pizza hut, dominos, Mc-Donald’s and others. Success pf these brands was result of their conscious effort to keep the significance of culture in their minds. These companies went local irrespective of their global operations for each and every market for them. One such example is Mc-Donald’s. The reasons behind success of Mc-Donald’s in foreign markets apart from a strong brand image and consistent service a standard around the world is, its advertising which is local and its product offer has a local touch. Examples are the Kiwi burger in New Zealand; the Maharaja Mac in India; the Prosperity burger in Malaysia; the Teriyaki burger in Japan; the McKorket in the Netherlands; McLaks, a grilled salmon burger, in Norway; and the Croque McDo in France that refers to the popular French â€Å"Croque Monseiur†, a hot ham and cheese sandwich. Advertising by McDonald’s in France tied into local habits and symbols. In 2001, for example, advertising for McDonald in France tied into â€Å"Asterix and Obelisk,† the most famous historical cartoon of the nation. Hence, localization makes it increasingly important for marketing and advertising people to understand the influence of culture. ( Mooij and Marieke K. de, 2004, p. 18) Importance of Colours can not be ignored in the case of international markets. Colours are associated with different cultural beliefs, moods and meanings. Understanding of these aspects of Colour, culture and society helps the organization to develop appropriate strategy. As said by (Kirmani 1997: Schmitt and Pan 1994), one marketing cue that global managers can use regardless of location is Colour. The effects of culture on the meaning associated with Colours are very critical for international marketing purposes. â€Å"Wagner, the creator of the Wagner Colour Research Institute, contends that Colours are associated with certain images (Lane 1991). For example, Blue is associated with wealth, trust, and security: Gray is associated with strength, exclusively, and success: and orange denotes cheapness. These associations may explain why banks are more likely to Colour their logos and collateral using Blue or Gray rather than orange ( Seitel 1993). It is cultural background due to which Colour has a strong effect on choice of a customer. It is important to understand which Colours are preferred by people in different cultures. It will help to create, maintain, or modify brand images in consumers’ minds. The associated with Colours and combination of Colours are important to understand for any marketer. â€Å"Colour combinations are considered culturally bound with certain ideologies and traditions (Geboy 1996). For example, black on red signifies happiness to Chinese people and is commonly used for wedding invitations while a combination of red over white represents celebration and signifies the life force to the Japanese ( Tektronix 1998). (Thomas, J. M. et al. , 2000) After Colour it is cultural beliefs which have impact on the consumer minds. It is important to understand the beliefs related to target product category within the target market place. For instance in India people feel that ancient herbal methods are good choices over the cosmetic options available today. This led various cosmetics company in India to launch their promotional programs comparing their product with traditional methods or showing the products equivalent to the traditional benefits. In these leading brands like Lux, Fair Lovely and many others are present. Success of a fair and lovely brand due to the fact that Indians believe fairness is beautiful. Vicco turmeric cream is another example which positioned itself as a cream that would be useful for would-be brides to enhance their complexions, as applying turmeric for skin care is a part of the Indian tradition. These types of behaviour which are associated with a specific culture or belief can also be associated with different product categories such as, for instance, the bindi worn in most parts of India. It is important that the brand name selected for such a product category should have an ethnic-sounding name whereas a Western name is prone to be counter-productive. (S Ramesh Kumar, 2003) Another product category is food where the role of mother and grand mother is considered important. This is the reason all spices, traditional quick meals and cooking oil etc contain some or more of the mother’s recipe kind of concept. Not only that change in the societal socio-cultural structure can also be seen as some of the advertisement in India show modern man helping their women in their work as well like washing clothes or taking care of child. There is a strong need to understand and consider the culture which constitutes of the values, beliefs and habits of consumers which show a discrepancy across the nations. The other aspect of the changing cultural environment and upcoming trends are also important to understand.

Extended Families :: essays research papers

Extended Families in the African American Culture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are some lines attributed to Victor Hugo which read: â€Å"She broke the bread into two fragments and gave them to her children, who ate with eagerness. ‘She hath kept none for herself,’ grumbled the sergeant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"’Because she is not hungry,’ said a soldier   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"’No,’ said the sergeant, ‘because she is a mother.’†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These lines of writ are truly identifiable in my past. I have no doubt that my mother would sacrifice her own comfort, as she often has, in order to assure that I, myself, have that which I desire and need. However I would surely be remorsed if I failed to admit that my happiest times come not only when I am in the company of my mother but also in the company with my father, brothers, and sister. The joys of a family are surely among the great gifts of God. It is this feeling of unity that I hate to see withheld from any human being, having experienced this fullness of joy myself. It is this reason among others that pains me to read the accounts of early African Americans that were enslaved and oft robbed of their biological families.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two pieces that I have most enjoyed reading, Equiano and Douglas, talked of this most severe suffering and pain. Equiano writes, â€Å"I remember in the vessel in which I was brought over in, in the man’s apartment, there were several brothers, who, in the sale, were sold in different lots; and it was very moving on this occasion to see their distress and hear their cries at parting†¦Why are parents to lose their children, brothers their sisters, or husbands their wives? Surely this is a new refinement in cruelty, which, while it has no advantage to atone for it, thus aggravates distress, and adds fresh horrors even to the wretchedness of slavery.† Equiano who had already been stripped of his sister, with whom he was taken captive, would learn that if they had been brought to the auction block together, they still, most assuredly, would have been taken by two distinct masters and hence forced to live their confinements apart.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frederick Douglas recounts quite a different way in which he was stripped of his family. Following popular practice, his mother was sold while he was still an infant to a neighboring farm and he recalls seeing her only â€Å"four or five times. Extended Families :: essays research papers Extended Families in the African American Culture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are some lines attributed to Victor Hugo which read: â€Å"She broke the bread into two fragments and gave them to her children, who ate with eagerness. ‘She hath kept none for herself,’ grumbled the sergeant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"’Because she is not hungry,’ said a soldier   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"’No,’ said the sergeant, ‘because she is a mother.’†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These lines of writ are truly identifiable in my past. I have no doubt that my mother would sacrifice her own comfort, as she often has, in order to assure that I, myself, have that which I desire and need. However I would surely be remorsed if I failed to admit that my happiest times come not only when I am in the company of my mother but also in the company with my father, brothers, and sister. The joys of a family are surely among the great gifts of God. It is this feeling of unity that I hate to see withheld from any human being, having experienced this fullness of joy myself. It is this reason among others that pains me to read the accounts of early African Americans that were enslaved and oft robbed of their biological families.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two pieces that I have most enjoyed reading, Equiano and Douglas, talked of this most severe suffering and pain. Equiano writes, â€Å"I remember in the vessel in which I was brought over in, in the man’s apartment, there were several brothers, who, in the sale, were sold in different lots; and it was very moving on this occasion to see their distress and hear their cries at parting†¦Why are parents to lose their children, brothers their sisters, or husbands their wives? Surely this is a new refinement in cruelty, which, while it has no advantage to atone for it, thus aggravates distress, and adds fresh horrors even to the wretchedness of slavery.† Equiano who had already been stripped of his sister, with whom he was taken captive, would learn that if they had been brought to the auction block together, they still, most assuredly, would have been taken by two distinct masters and hence forced to live their confinements apart.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frederick Douglas recounts quite a different way in which he was stripped of his family. Following popular practice, his mother was sold while he was still an infant to a neighboring farm and he recalls seeing her only â€Å"four or five times.

Black Diamond Night Essay

Black Diamond Night (a coalminer’s cemetery) Where the ebony, we call â€Å"Night†, Old black rocks sit under the twilight. Diamond shape eyes unclear and lonely, Sinister through hostile spirits only, I stumble across these stones without a bone. A solitary confinement alone, From a barren zone the light transcend. Only in time, our minds will mend. Endless valleys and limitless stones. These bones- these bones they sit alone. The abyss, of rotten cavities with no fill, A system no power can unwell the drill The blood that passed over without a spill. Peaks collapse into a spellbinding chill. They are trapped! They are trapped! Another diamond in the rough. Is what they left. Obsessed by the dead without a death. Death that impatiently awaited their last breath. Gushing, unto the gems of dead chemistry, Diamonds holding its own intensity, These lonely graves, on top of sycamore hill. Coal mining hearts that will never heal. If only shiny eyes could see? These lonely bones inside of me! Moving in every direction possible Flowing in every direction noticeable. Sockets without eyes. Stones hiding under the cobalt skies. The mad sparkles, the madness dies. Throughout this mass, we held in the blasphemous. Intervening lots of gems so miraculous. Into a stone of self-religion, A black night filled of legions. Acknowledging the souls capacity of free. Near the frail bones that sit alone, Alone they sit in a morbid home. Through a path unclear and all alone, Troubled by the visions of my own stone. Where the night takes place in the dark. The ebony rides under the diamond bark. Along with the coalminers who never got to see the; â€Å"Diamonds of another day! †

What Happened on Election Day 2016

The date of the 2016 presidential election was Tuesday, November 8. Voters elected members of the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate, as well as a new President of the United States, Republican Donald Trump. The 2016 Election Day was the second Tuesday in November, the date of all federal elections. In the 2016 presidential election, voters chose 34 of the 100 members of the U.S. Senate and all 435 members of U.S. House of Representatives. The political makeup of Congress  changed only slightly,  but voters awarded both the House and Senate, as well as the White House, to the Republicans. Congress requires elections to be held on Tuesdays. In fact, elections for President, U.S House of Representatives, and Senate have been held on Tuesdays since 1845. Despite the requirements on when Election Day is to be held, voters in about two-thirds of states were allowed to cast their ballots beforehand under early voting laws. A large number of voters cast their ballots before Election Day because interest was high in the presidential race. Presidential Inauguration Day 2017 Trump succeeded Democratic President Barack Obama, who  served two terms in the White House. Obamas last day in office was January 20, 2017. The incoming president was sworn into office at noon that day. Inauguration Day 2017 was Friday, January 20, 2017. Trump, the nations 45th president, was sworn in on the steps of the U.S. Capitol at noon. Senate Seats up for Election in 2016 U.S. Senate seats held by the following lawmakers were  up for re-election in the 2016 election. Five members of the Senate decided against seeking re-election in 2016. One other senator, Republican Marco Rubio of Florida, sought the GOP presidential nomination instead of trying to hold onto his Senate seat. Only two U.S. senators who chose to seek re-election lost their seats. They were  Republican U.S. Senators Mark Kirk of Illinois and  Kelly Ayotte of New Hampshire. Republicans maintained their control of the Senate. Alabama: Republican Richard Shelby. The incumbent won re-election.Alaska: Lisa Murkowski.  The incumbent won re-election.Arizona: Republican John McCain.  The incumbent won re-election.Arkansas: Republican John Boozman. The incumbent won re-election.California: Democrat Barbara Boxer.*  Colorado: Democrat Michael Bennet.  The incumbent won re-election.Connecticut: Democrat Richard Blumenthal.  The incumbent won re-election.Florida: Republican Marco Rubio.*  Georgia: Republican Johnny Isakson.  The incumbent won re-election.Hawaii: Democrat Brian Schatz.  The incumbent won re-election.Idaho: Republican Mike Crapo.  The incumbent won re-election.Illinois: Republican Mark Kirk. The incumbent lost re-election.  Indiana: Republican Daniel Coats.*Iowa: Republican Chuck Grassley.  The incumbent won re-election.Kansas: Republican Jerry Moran.  The incumbent won re-election.Kentucky: Republican Rand Paul.  The incumbent won re-election.Louisiana: Republican David Vit ter.  The incumbent won re-election.Maryland: Democrat Barbara Mikulski*Missouri: Republican Roy Blunt.  The incumbent won re-election.Nevada: Democrat Harry Reid*New Hampshire: Republican Kelly Ayotte.  The incumbent lost re-election.  New York: Democrat Chuck Schumer.  The incumbent won re-election.North Carolina: Republican Richard Burr.  The incumbent won re-election.North Dakota: Republican John Hoeven.  The incumbent won re-election.Ohio: Republican Rob Portman.  The incumbent won re-election.Oklahoma: Republican James Lankford.  The incumbent won re-election.Oregon: Democrat Ron Wyden.  The incumbent won re-election.Pennsylvania: Republican Pat Toomey.  The incumbent won re-election.South Carolina: Republican Tim Scott.  The incumbent won re-election.South Dakota: Republican John Thune.  The incumbent won re-election.Utah: Republican Mike Lee.  The incumbent won re-election.Vermont: Democrat Patrick Leahy.  The incumbent won re-election.Washingto n: Democrat Patty Murray.  The incumbent won re-election.Wisconsin: Republican Ron Johnson.  The incumbent won re-election. *DId not seek re-election to the Senate in 2016.

Hermione in A Winter´s Tale by Shakespeare Essay - 543 Words

Shakespeare’s play, A Winter’s Tale, has many magical and mystical elements throughout. A Winter’s Tale is true to form as one of Shakespeare’s romances. There are tragic scenes in the beginning with a romantic and joyful twist at the end. One such question raised in this play is whether Hermione, Queen of Sicily truly died and resurrected or was alive throughout the play. It is hard to take a position on either fronts of this question because Shakespeare uses many mystical elements that play into the very question itself. Hermione, wife of Leontes King of Sicily, is accused by her beloved husband of adultery at the beginning of the play. Leontes is distraught and will not listen to anyone about the innocence of his wife. He orders his†¦show more content†¦Paulina however has Leontes promise that he will not marry again. This scene gives clues that Hermione may not be dead, as Paulina gives the inclination that he should wait for the resurrection of his wife. As the scene follows in Paulina’s home, she reveals the statue created to depict an aged Hermione. There is great detail in the art which overwhelms Leontes, where Paulina offers to draw the curtain. Leontes rejects her offer and in that instance Paulina cues for dramatic music and the statue comes to life. The last scene can be interrupted in many different ways. It is true to form in Shakespeare’s plays that there is an element of magic and mystery. Paulina could be the magical witch in the play where she has the powers to resurrect Hermione from the dead. It does however seem more likely that Hermione was alive throughout the play. When Hermione was said to be dead of a broken heart, she did so off stage. There was only word that she was not dead, it was not seen. This could be interpreted that Hermione was sent into hiding. She could be in hiding for various reasons such as to teach her wrongfully accusing husband a lesson, or to wait for her reunion w ith her daughter. When Paulina asks for Leontes to promise that he will not marry again, she is almost setting up for Hermione’s return to the play. Although it is not to off to think that the resurrection of Hermione was a magical miracle, there is more evidence to show that she was truly aliveShow MoreRelatedThe Winter s Tale : A Patriarchal Theme And Stereotyped Gender Roles1599 Words   |  7 Pages In The Winter’s Tale there is a patriarchal theme and stereotyped gender roles. Most of these roles, being administered and centered around one character, Leontes, the king of Sicily. The basic ideas of a renaissance man were a big theme in the play. These ideas were that all women must sit quietly, respectfully, and be obedient then they’re terrible hags who must be punished. 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The Importance Of Eating Disorders A Mental Illness

When looking at Mental Illness and diagnoses, I think that much of the general public do not consider eating disorders a mental illness. People today see both Bulimia and Anorexia as physical conditions and choices. Being in the field and working closely with individuals with both diseases, I see first-hand that those diagnosed with the illnesses suffer just as greatly as anyone else with a mental illness. After watching â€Å"Dying to be Thin†, I am able to make several connections to not only my personal work and field experience, but also my own personal life. I currently am employed as a Crisis worker for Montgomery County of Pennsylvania. My job simply consists of engaging with individuals on a short-term basis and helping stabilize times of crisis and getting individuals connected to the proper services. I do not have any prior clinical experience working with individuals with eating disorders, but I was called to meet with a client of a base service unit who was concern ed that she may be decompensating. The client was diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa and was currently self-harming. I arrived to meet with the client and she presented as very reserved and shy. When I asked about her life she seemed guarded and would not reveal much. As time went on, the client must have felt more comfortable and opened up to me. The client explained that she once was a ballerina and even showed me stage photos of performances. She explained that she developed Anorexia Nervosa while dancing.Show MoreRelatedPersonal Theory Of Psychopathology And Progression Of Pathology Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pagesof mental illness, mental distress or the manifestation of behaviors and experiences, which may be indicators to mental illness, or psychological impairment (Psychopathology, n.d.) 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Strategic Information Systems Public Transport Industry

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Information Systems Public Transport Industry. Answer: Introduction It has become very necessary to make use of automated information systems in the field of public transport to offer better services to the commuters. There are thousands and millions of people that make use of public transports on a daily basis. It is not feasible to manage these commuters and offer best services through manual operations. It is therefore required to make use of automation in the systems that are used to control and manage these transport systems. Business Processes There are various business processes that are carried out in association with the public transport system. Fare collection processes in which the commuters are issued the tickets as per their destination and the mode of transport. There are usually two types of customers that are present as: Regular or frequent customers that commute on a frequent basis In-frequent commuters that make use of the transport system once in a while Route estimation for the vehicle to make sure that the quickest and shortest path is covered in the journey Information storage and handling to store the information associated with the passengers Applications associated with security and surveillance to keep a track of all the vehicles and modes of transport that are being used simultaneously (Polzin, 2016) Business Requirements There are several requirements in association with the public transport. With the increase in the population and the increase in the number of vehicles on road, there are often situations of congestion that have been observed. Also, in case of air or rail transport system, there are often scenarios wherein the passengers fail to book their tickets online on the referred date of journey due to unavailability of the space. It is necessary for the public transport systems to manage the traffic to make sure that the real-time information is made available to the customers and there is no congestion or situation of unavailability (Mala and Leela, 2014). System Requirements The system that is required to be developed for the management of public transport shall fulfill the following set of requirements: The system reviewers and analysts shall have the ability to locate a particular vehicle automatically with the aid of GPS Radio and cellular communication systems and technologies shall be integrated to ensure that proper and adequate communication is maintained The information of the passengers shall be available on a real-time basis and shall be stored in the database for future use There shall be automated counters set up for the passengers to obtain tickets and passes for the journey (Litman, 2017) Security tools and surveillance equipment along with its monitoring shall be done to ensure that there are no loopholes in the security The information regarding the best route to follow shall be displayed to avoid the situation of congestion and jams The passengers shall be made aware of the next stop through the announcement system There shall also be the following non-functional system requirements that shall be present in the system. It will be required for the system to showcase enhanced performance to make sure that the end users do not have to compromise on the response time at any point of time and there is also minimum throughput time involved (Trommer, 2017) Reliability of the automated system will also be extremely essential and a required aspect as it will be necessary to make sure that there is always valid information reflected by the system for the end users It will be required for the system to showcase enhanced usability to make sure that the end users do not have to compromise on the functional aspects that are included and all of their expectations are met Scalability of the automated system will also be extremely essential and a required aspect as it will be necessary to make sure that any of the changes can be incorporated easily without much of re-work It will be required for the system to showcase enhanced availability to make sure that the end users do not have to compromise on the access time for the system. It shall be available for access at all times Maintainability of the automated system will also be extremely essential and a required aspect as it will be necessary to make sure that all the upgrades can be made with much ease. Software and Vendor Selection The system that will be installed for the management of public transport will be required to reflect high availability along with required functional and non-functional aspects. Following are the key factors that will be required to be considered while selecting the vendor and the software package. There shall be multiple levels of software support along with enhanced maintenance that shall be promised The parties shall sign a Service Level Agreement (SLA) that shall include the escalation procedures along with all the terms that are agreed upon Upgrade paths along with the information on the upgrade schedule shall also be included Testing types and mechanisms that will be covered shall also be explained It is necessary that the expectations along with the requirements of the organization are met and the selection shall be done in such a manner that the needs are fulfilled There shall also be an study that shall be carried out on the future trends in the field of public transport and the flexibility and scalability associated with the selection of the software that is made Methods of Utilization of Technology: Custom Developed Software Public transport services and providers can made use of the technology in terms of the custom developed software to implement the functional and non-functional aspects in their architecture. It is the software in which there are features and functionalities present according to the customer expectations along with specifications that are listed out by the customer. There are various modes of public transport along with several agencies and providers that provide them to the people. There may be certain requirements that may apply to one of the providers which may not be any use to the other. For example, the requirements of a public transport agency that provides road transport and the one that deals in to the rail transport will be different from each other. The costs may however rise up in this case. Package Purchasing The second option which may be used for the deployment of the automated systems in the architecture of public transport system is packaged purchasing. These are the software packages that are readymade and can be deployed with immediate effect. Because of the nature of these packages, the cost that is associated with them is usually low. There is also a lot of information that is already available regarding these packages in terms of their performance and the level of customer satisfaction associated with these. A market study can easily highlight all of these details and the selection process becomes easier. There is also an ease of training and documentation that comes along with these. However, they score less on the mapping of the business specifications with the requirements that are targeted by the package. Outsourcing Outsourcing is one of the most commonly used methods and can be used by the public transport providers and agencies as well. A third party is involved in this case which is responsible for carrying out all of the tasks that are related with design along with deployment of the information systems. It will therefore be certain that the amount and level of management and monitoring that will be involved in this case will be low. There may however be increased time that may be required to obtain and implement these packages. Level of Efficiency The efficiency of the technical implementation of the automated systems in public transports is based upon various success factors. It will be required to analyze the actual budget with the estimated budget and the same will go in case of the schedule as well. Level of efficiency will be calculated in terms of the higher value of the match between the two. Manual processes will be cut down with the implementation of automated systems and this percentage will be significant to understand the efficiency levels It will be required to make sure that the employees are satisfied which will be highlighted with the aid of their satisfactions levels It will be required to make sure that the customers are satisfied which will be highlighted with the aid of their satisfactions levels Potential Security Risks and Data Breaches: Confidentiality Attacks The automated system that will be designed for public transport will be composed of numerous entities that will be inter-linked and inter-dependent upon each other. There may be case of eavesdropping that may occur because of the presence of such huge number of entities (Lu, 2014). The attackers may take advantage of the presence of several entities and may therefore find it easy to track the activities that take place in terms of movement of the passengers or the allotment of tickets and likewise (Mahmoud, 2015). There will be various technologies, processes and concepts that will be used in the automated systems that will be designed for public transport and data mining will be one such technology. There may be confidentiality risks and threats that may emerge because of the same (Microsoft, 2016). The information sets and the containers may be modified and changed during their transition from one source to the destination. There may also be reconstruction of the contents that may be done (Jing, 2014). Integrity Attacks Public transport systems will be composed of a lot of information and it will be necessary to make sure that the integrity of the information is not altered or impacted at any time. Integrity will be restored and maintained only when there will be no change or modification done to the information contents without adequate permissions. There may however be cases of message alteration that may be reported in which the attacker may modify the message contents or the structure without authentication and authorization to do so (Bhabad, 2015). Public transport systems will be composed of a lot of information and it will be necessary to make sure that the integrity of the information is not altered or impacted at any time. Integrity will be restored and maintained only when there will be no change or modification done to the information contents without adequate permissions. There may however be cases of media alteration that may be reported in which the attacker may modify the media contents or the structure without authentication and authorization to do so (Nichols, 2016). Availability Attacks Availability of the information is one of the prime necessities and requirements of the clients that is required to be maintained and offered. There may however be execution of various attacks that may impact the information availability. One of such attacks may be flooding attacks in which the automated system for public transport may be loaded with a lot of unwanted and garbage information that may bring down the service continuity and impact its availability (Panetta, 2016). There may also be various attacks on the quality of the information that may be given shape by the attackers which will eventually impact the availability. Guidelines on Mitigation of the Risks There are several automated tools that have been developed in response to the attacks on the availability of the information and the system. Some of these tools include anti-denial and flood-detection tools that may control and prevent the attacks from taking place. It is necessary to upgrade the first step to security which can be done only by enhancing the measures that are taken to ensure that there is proper authentication and access control implemented (Aws, 2016). In the public transport systems that will be developed as per the latest technology, there will be prime use of the networks and the networking protocols. There are a majority of information security risks and breaches that are based on networks as the threat agents. It shall be made sure that steps such as network monitoring and analysis are carried out. Cryptography and encryption is an important activity that is required to be incorporated in the public transport systems to make sure that the passenger information remains safe even if the attacker succeeds in stealing it (Wood, 2016). Many tools are available in the market that has the ability to detect and prevent the intruders in an automated manner. There are various attacks that are created by the attackers that are only based upon the specific version of the system. Such forms of attacks can be easily avoided with the aid of maintenance and regular upgrades (Amato, 2016). Conclusion Automation is the prime necessity of the modern day systems to make sure that the business processes and business requirements are met. There are several industries that have shifted and are making a move towards the automated information systems and once such applicant is public transport and related systems. There are a lot many business activities and operations that are handled and operated by the public transport systems on a daily basis. Manual processes cannot be applied any longer to handle these activities and operations. These can only be handled with the aid of automated and technically advanced systems that are specifically designed according to the needs and requirements. These packages and software can be availed with the use of several options such as customer software packages, packaged purchasing or using the option of outsourcing. There are several advantages that are offered by these automated systems in terms of the reliability, performance and agility. However, t here are certain risks and threats that are associated with the information that is contained in these information systems. These risks are primarily categorized in three broad categories as confidentiality risks, integrity risks and availability risks. There are mechanisms and measures that have also been developed to deal with these risks and attacks. These mechanisms shall be incorporated and it shall be made sure that the information is always kept protected. References Amato, N. (2016). The hidden costs of a data breach.. [online] Available at: https://www.journalofaccountancy.com/news/2016/jul/hidden-costs-of-data-breach-201614870.html [Accessed 12 May 2017]. Aws (2016). 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Internet of things (IoT) security: Current status, challenges and prospective measures - IEEE Xplore Document. [online] Ieeexplore.ieee.org. Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7412116/ [Accessed 12 May 2017]. Mala, S. and Leela, N. (2014). Automated Fare Collection System for Public Transport Using GPS. [online] Available at: https://www.ijirset.com/upload/2014/icets/116_EC315.pdf [Accessed 12 May 2017]. Microsoft (2016). Core Infrastructure Optimization: IT Security Processes - Best Practices for Business IT. [online] Available at: https://www.microsoft.com/india/infrastructure/capabilities/itprocesses.mspx [Accessed 12 May 2017]. Nichols, A. (2016). Perspective Threats Risk Analysis Process. [online] Sans.org. Available at: https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/auditing/perspective-threats-risk-analysis-process-63 [Accessed 12 May 2017]. Panetta, K. (2016). Gartner's Top 10 Security Predictions 2016 - Smarter With Gartner. [online] Smarter With Gartner. Available at: https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/top-10-security-predictions-2016/ [Accessed 12 May 2017]. Polzin, S. (2016). Implications to Public Transportation of Emerging Technologies. [online] Available at: https://www.nctr.usf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Implications-for-Public-Transit-of-Emerging-Technologies-11-1-16.pdf [Accessed 12 May 2017]. Trommer, S. (2017). Autonomous Driving: The Impact of Vehicle Automation on Mobility Behaviour. [online] Available at: https://www.ifmo.de/tl_files/publications_content/2016/ifmo_2016_Autonomous_Driving_2035_en.pdf [Accessed 12 May 2017]. Wood, P. (2016). Social hacking: The easy way to breach network security. [online] ComputerWeekly. Available at: https://www.computerweekly.com/tip/Social-hacking-The-easy-way-to-breach-network-security [Accessed 12 May 2017].